Communication models

Modern Cuba Essays

Modern Cuba Essays Modern Cuba Essay Modern Cuba Essay Cuba is a very unique country with regards to government and politics. It is distinctive not only in its being the last communist country in Latin America, but also due the fact that it has and is continuing to undergo major changes with regards to government policy. Through analysis of the five criteria for democracy, and scrutiny of systems theory, political scientists can see that Cuba is on the path to momentous political change due to its rapidly deteriorating, soviet modeled, communist government. Before breaking down the components of the criteria for democracy nd systems theory as they apply to Cuba, it is important to briefly consider the aforementioned countries history. Cubas current government began after President Batista was overthrown in a violent coup led by Fidel Castro in 1959. In 1961 Castro formally declared Cuba a socialist state; it is now recognized simply as a totalitarian communist state (US State dept, 3/25/10). While the Cuba does have a written constitution allotting civil rights, it for all intents and purposes, negates these liberties by declaring that, any citizen attempting to prevent the growth of socialism s exempt from said rights (US State dept, 3/25/10). The constitution also identifies the Cuban Communist Party as the only party with legal legitimacy. As one may have already inferred from these stringent governmental laws, the economy is also controlled entirely by the communist party, this however is one of the interesting points in the analysis of the Cuban political the system as a large portion of the government employed workforce is soon to be fired in favor of a move to the private sector (The Economist, Nov. 2010). At the time of the US state departments report on Cuba, eighty-three percent of the workforce was employed by the government though as previously noted, this is soon to change. With regards to US-Cuban relations, Cuba is quite unique. The American government has had an all-inclusive embargo against Cuba since 1962, the second longest running US embargo outlasted only by North Korea (US State dept, 3/25/10). Moving into analysis of Cuba as it compares to other world governments, let us look first at its association to the five criteria for democracy as outlined by Charles Hauss in Introduction to Comparative Government. Democracies guarantee basic individual freedoms of press, religion, association, and speech. (Hauss pg. 23) In this category alone Cuba falls short of democracy. In 2003 fifty-two high profile government dissidents of the Cuban government were arrested (Washington Post, Oct 2010) in an apparent attempt to reduce anti-communist sentiments. This seems a serious indicator that Cuba lacks the recognition of rights to be considered a democracy, while this is undoubtedly true, future speculation reveals a caveat to this rule. The Cuban government has recently begun to free olitical prisoners arrested for dissent, many of these prisoners have been offered a deal by the communist party in which they will be freed from captivity and there sentence annulled, if they agree to living exiled permanently from Cuba (Washington Post, Oct 2010). While this is a far cry from the expressive freedoms enjoyed in the United States as well as most other industrialized democracies, it does present political scientists with a hint that perhaps Cuba is transitioning away from the totalitarian communist ideals that it was founded on in favor of a more democratic xtend far beyond the right to criticism of ones government; they also include the right to practice religion freely. While religion is openly practiced in Cuba, many religious figureheads are closely monitored by the communist party (US State dept, 3/25/10). With regards to the first criteria for democracy, Cuba falls short of satiating the requirements, however the recent promise to release incarcerated dissenters does signal potential for change in the Governments stance on citizens rights. Transitioning to the second criterion indicative of a democratic government, we look o the existence, or lack thereof, competitive elections. In this department too, Cuba comes up short. In reading the background information and comparing it to historical trends discussed in class, it was easy to see that Cubas Fidel Castro developed in his political career much like Joseph Stalin. Both Stalin and Castro gleaned a great deal of their legitimacy from a cult of personality surrounding them. While admittedly to a lesser extent, it cannot be denied that Fidel Castro was retained as a leader primarily due to his persona as opposed to his qualifications as a ruler. With Castros illness nd ensuing resignation it may have seemed possible for elections to take place alas, this was not the case. Raul Castro, Fidels brother, currently resides at the highest seat in the communist government (US State dept, 3/25/10). Though it is unclear who will take control when Raul steps down, (Schumacher-Matos 2010), it is obvious that this line of succession from Fidel to Raul with no election certainly defies the principles outlined for a democracy. As the Cuban Communist government has only ever had two leaders, it is hard to tell if elections are likely in the future, but at this ime Cuba decidedly fails to fulfill this component of the democratic criteria. Rule of Law is yet another of the components outlined by Charles Hauss as being necessary for the existence of democracy. In this regard as with the previous criteria, Cuba falls short. For rule of law to exist a country must not arbitrarily exercise power (Hauss pg. 24). Cubas written constitution as mentioned above, keeps the country completely outside this premise as it provides the government the power to punish those who, oppose the development of socialism (US State dept, 3/25/10), however it eels necessary. There is really no need to explore this criterion any deeper as the countries written laws already create an inability for democracy, as outlined by Hauss, to exist. As the final criterion for democracy that I will explore, Capitalism is yet another trait that Cuba lacks however, as many of the articles point out, this may be changing as seen by the radical policy change implemented by the government to eliminate a large portion of the state employed workers in favor of a transition of these workers to the private sector. Its a major shift towards a larger private sector n a socialist economy. (Peters, Lexington Institute, Nov. 2010). While currently more that eighty percent of Cubas workforce is employed by the government, (US State dept, 3/25/10), the move to relocate over 500,000 workers (Malkin, Oct 2010), signifies a critical move toward a more democratic Cuba. While Cuba is not capitalistic at the present, the move to put workers in the private sector certainly transitions Cuba closer to capitalism than it has ever been before. As proven time and time again in the above paragraphs, Cuba is far from meeting any of the criteria for democracy, hat being said, the recent shifts in policy point to potential for an increasingly democratic nation. Systems theory is another vital tool in comparing countries, of Cuba to speak freely, there is are no routes for inputs on the part of the people. Likewise decision making is equally disproportionate when compared to other countries as the only people able to make decisions are the thirty-one members of the communist party leadership (US State dept, 3/25/10). Though Systems theory is a terrific tool for comparing countries, it has little application with regards to Cuba as he communist government of this country is at the present, completely totalitarian. Viewing Cuba in its congruence to other communist countries, many similar terms come to mind. Edward Schumacher-Matos article, Easing the Impact of Cubas Coming Crisis, explores the question of Raul Castros ability to control the Unraveling of the Perestroika (Shumacher-Matos 2010) . He continues to compare the potential future of Cuba to the historical outcome of the USSRs collapse under similar circumstances. As an aspiring political scientist, this makes me quizzical about the future of Cubas regime. The question seems to be, can Cuba remain a totalitarian communistic state with the current move for a more capitalistic workforce? I suppose only time will tell, but based on historical trends, it seems unlikely that the totalitarian government will be able to endure the transition. To recap my analysis; With regards to the five criteria for democracy as presented by Charles Hauss, Cuba failed miserably in competitive elections and rule of law, on the other hand while certainly far from industrialized democracies, recent developments hint at the potential for improvements in civil rights and the prevalence of capitalism. As far as systems theory is concerned in Cuba, it is almost impossible until improvements are made In the aforementioned civil rights criterion. Finally as it compares to other communist countries, Cuba is showing signs of travelling the path of the USSR and facing collapse as Perestroika begins and the regime is restructured. All things considered, Cuba has become an immensely intriguing country for political scientists in recent years as it has begun several transitions toward far greater democratization than it had ever experienced under its former leader.

RESPONSE Waiting for Superman Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RESPONSE Waiting for Superman - Movie Review Example Key Idea from the movie In America child education system is set to be depended on fund raisers, which proves to be quite unsuccessful sometimes. The American slogan† no child left behind’ has become contemptuous hitting line. Its shame, other countries education system is out ranking the ever-famed American system. The movie â€Å"Waiting for Superman†1 portrays the school life of five ambitious though poor kids namely; Bianca, Emily, Anthony, Daisy, and Francisco studying in charter school. All deserve better in life and are capable of achieving their respective goals. Guggenheim  tries to show how the current system is hindering their progress rather than boosting. An important feature appeasing me is the director’s aim in developing ‘education system-renewal’ ideas in viewers mind.In the film as all have proven results of success, they are assaulted with applications, and the families have to submit to a abashing lottery system2. As winni ng names are called, I am filled with sympathy to the point—a child’s future shouldn’t hang on so primordial a process. It is inferred that a good –education necessarily doesn’t essentially calls for a high social status. We should visualize faces of children whose entire future is claimed on our incapability to change the education system. The stunning attack of September 11 in New York has put forward few implications about the Arab Education system3.

International business strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International business strategy - Case Study Example UK-based multinational telecommunications company with headquarters in London, is the world’s second largest mobile telecommunication organization in terms of subscribers and recent revenues. It owns and operates networks in over 20 countries as well as has operations through partner networks in over 40 countries. As part of its international strategy, Vodafone expanded its resources through mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures. When viewed from contrary perspective, Vodafone started building its resources, particularly its physical and technological resources in the form of network infrastructure, through the above-mentioned three modes and thereby strengthened its international strategy further. â€Å"By 2013, it had established a significant presence in Europe, the Middle East, Asia Pacific and the USA through mergers and acquisitions, international joint ventures, and other forms of foreign direct investment† (Case Study). As Vodafone mainly targeted successful or potential local players for acquisition, mergers, and JVs, during their foreign entries, they are able to garner optimal resources. For example, during its entry into India, Vodafone acquired Hutchinson Essar for a sizable sum and that led to the garnering of strong existing physical and technological resources, which it further optimized. The other key technological resource gained by Vodafone as part of its international strategy is wireless spectrums through auctions, which has increased its competitive advantage further. Normally, governments of various countries would auction 2G, 3G, and even 4G spectrums to telecommunication companies through a competitive bidding process thereby earning good revenue. In that direction, Vodafone has won many auctions in many countries and has got hold of sizable spectrums. After Vodafone has gained these spectrum allocations, they are able to introduce or provide more features to its customers in its foreign operations and that will natura lly lead to its

CGS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CGS - Essay Example An African’s survival depended on perpetual migration and adaptation to the conditions one found in the new destination. On the slave ship, she depended on her skills in midwifery that she had learned from her mother to survive. Her destination in America was South Carolina where she was auctioned off to an indigo plantation. In this plantation, she has to adapt herself to her environment by learning the Buckra language (Hill 345). The aspect of migration here is not only physical and geographical but also mental and psychological. Aminata was forced to migrate from the native challenges of Africa to those of new diseases and illnesses. Aminata was forced to migrate from the indigo plantation when her master took away her baby. She abandoned her duty of working on the farm, which was the reason her master’s decision to sell her off to Lindo. Her new master treats her as a servant, which is better than a slave was treated. Under this status, she has to pay rent and take care of her own expenses. She has to relocate to Charles town where her new master resides. The outbreak of the American Revolution brings with it an opportunity for Aminata to escape from Charles town. Her master returns to the Carolinas while Aminata goes back to midwifery for survival. Her knowledge of many languages comes in handy to help her survive in Nova Scotia where she is involved in the writing of the book of Negroes. The book contains the names of blacks who have agreed to fight for the British army. The British were beaten during the American Revolution and they had to retreat out of the 13 colonies they had in America. They carried with them the black slaves who had fought alongside them in the war. These were the names contained in the book of Negroes. This serves as a reminder of the history of the black community in the USA and a unification factor. Her ability to adapt to different situations is one of the

Environmental Regulation And Western Food Culture In India Commerce Essay

Environmental Regulation And Western Food Culture In India Commerce Essay Environmental regulation and western food culture in India was almost non-existent. In pursuit of economic development, the Government of India liberalised the economy in food sector and kept environmental regulation of multinational corporations to a minimum in order to attract foreign direct investment. Multinational corporations have often been blamed for taking advantage of weak enforcements in India; however, in recent years, many of them have started to self-regulate and often set their environmental standards above the minimum compliances enforced by the Government of India. Advancement of foreign culture in India in the food industry has given many multinational companies (MNCs) an opportunity to grow and flourish. MNCs that set up operations in India or do business with Indian companies find that managing Indian workforce requires understanding Indian work culture that has evolved over several centuries. Thus there is a need to study the difference in the culture of Indian food industry. Many socio economic factors and other influencing factors are responsible for setting a new trend. These factors form the independent variables on which the preference of selection of food will depend i.e. dependent variables. These literatures are classified based on:- (a) Studies corresponding to major influencing factors governing selection and demand of ready-made food items. (b) Studies corresponding to the socioeconomic factors affecting the demand for ready-made food items. (c) Framework for examining the environmental management of MNCs The conclusion expected from the research is that the socio economic factors and other influential factors play an important role on consumers preference in food industry. Based on the finding, few suggestions and limitations affecting influential factors to Indian food industry for future research will be provided. And  my research will also investigate the change in environmental management  in food industry. Globalisation and the Indian food Industry A study into the key factors influencing consumer behaviour in the Indian food industry. A comparative study of past and present culture and environment in Indian food industry By Rounak Goenka G0759654K Project submitted to University of Bradford School of Management In partial fulfilment of the requirements For the Degree of BSc. (Hons.) in Business Management BBMD20932A CONTENTS: Page No. Abstractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦1 Chapter 1 Introduction : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..4 Objective of the Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦4 Approach to the Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦5 Chapter 2 Literature Review:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦6 Influencing factors affecting choice and demandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦6 Influence of Socio-economic factorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦9 Influence of Global flowsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..11 Framework for examining the environmental management of MNCsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..13 Chapter 3 An overview of culture in Indian food industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦14 Chapter 4 Study of globalized food culture evolving in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦16 Chapter 5 PepsiCoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦18 Chapter 6 KFCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦21 Chapter 7 McDonaldsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.22 Chapter 8 Analysis and Conclusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.24 Referencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦26 Chapter 1 Introduction : Objective of the Research Fast-food is not an alien concept to Indians; roadside shops have offered snacks-to-go since time immemorial and the country has a long tradition of indigenous fast-food served by a variety of street vendors.  With the rapidly growing middle class population and changing lifestyle, India is blessed with one of the fastest growing fast food markets in the world. The fast food industry in India has evolved with the changing lifestyles of the young Indian population. There are many factors that make  India an attractive market for Western consumer goods. With one-sixth of the worlds population,  India is the second most populous country  in the world, following China. The purposes  of this research is to compare the attitudes about  new food purchases between innovators/early  adopters and non-innovators and also is to empirically substantiate if the forces of globalization are impacting consumer culture and behavioural traits in a developing country (India). The Indian fast food market has been witnessing rapid growth on the back of positive developments and presence of massive investments. Currently, market growth is largely fuelled by the rising young population, working women, hectic schedules, and increasing disposable income of the middle-class households. Some of the unique properties of fast food like quick served, cost advantage, etc are making it highly popular among the masses. Thus, India offers enormous opportunities for both domestic as well as international players. In the past, the overwhelming majority of Indian consumers had little purchasing power, and spent almost all of their income on the basic necessities. Industrial growth and increasing affluence of the middle classes, however, have led to important increases  in consumer demand and spending power. Regardless of this compulsory Indian input, as yet, these western companies cannot match the popularity of local Indian chains such as Nirulas or the corner shops selling indigenous  foods. To compete, they are not only changing their business models but also their identity. There has been a drastic change, as seen in past, in taste and preferences of the consumers in India. India has taken a step forward in adopting western culture. Thus foreign firms have been adapting Indian culture while running their business here. In past there were many restrictions in the culture of consumers in India, but now many of them has moved forward with the taste of new generation. But some of them are s till very conservative towards the food sector. Approach to the Research On the back of rising disposable income, changing consumer behavior, huge population base, India is witnessing a tremendous growth is its fast food industry over the past few years. Other reasons like rising number of nuclear families, exposure to western cuisine and increasing number of employed women are also having a significant impact on the eating out trends and growth of the fast food industry in the country. As a result, all the international players like Pizza Hut, Dominos, McDonalds and KFC, etc. are investing huge amount of money to grab a share of this highly lucrative market.   Three big food companies have been taken in consideration for this research. And their case studies are been discussed below, which shows us how did the company manage to change its cultural environment to adjust with the country requirements and ethical issues. This paper focuses on determining a  food  choice model in wake of changing  food  and eating habits in India, using literature reviews, exploratory surveys and reliable data sources.  This case study focuses on growing trends towards organic  food  and green consumerism in view  of  rising global obesity with fast  food  consumption in Western countries and significantly very less in India despite obesity being an epidemic in India. Literature review used in this research is:- Influencing factors affecting choice and demand Influence of Socio-economic factors Influence of Global flows Framework for examining the environmental management of MNCs With the help of above literature review we can discuss how the taste of Indian consumers has been changed and also we can analyse how the companies by changing its strategy has achieved their goal in Indian market. Findings Based on literature reviews and exploratory surveys, the key determinants impacting consumers  food  choice are passion for eating out, socialize, ambience and taste for school and college goers and convenience for dual-income families in urban India. Findings indicate that fast  food  companies can no longer rely on convenience as USP in India, unless the implications  of  same on consumers health are given equal importance in the years to come. Chapter 2 Literature Review: Influencing factors affecting choice and demand :- A households demand for food away from home also may depend on the ages of family members. One reason is that the tastes may change as people progress with their age. The empirical study conducted by Byrene et al, (1998) observes that the households with younger members tend to spend more money on fast food restaurants, while households with older people tend to spend more money on full service restaurants. In this context, Blisard (2001) while, stating the significance of age in the demand for food items prepared outside home, observes similarity in the behaviour by the members of different generations at the same points in their lives. According to Friddle et al., (2001) the sensitivity of taste buds diminishes with age and hence, they observe that the older people may demand foods with bolder flavours. In addition to the taste factor, certain textural properties are also intrinsic in judgments of qualities like crispness, crunchiness, and freshness all of which are important in the selection of food items. Barthes (1975) has suggested that there is a general symbolic opposition between crisp, brisk, and sharp foods and soft, soothing, and sweet foods in Western cultures. Texture and flavour may also be associated with palatability and digestibility. Firth (1966) observed that people sometimes use these descriptive characteristics to distinguishing between preferred and less preferred foods and those consumed under normal or starvation conditions. The theory of household production proposed by Becker (1965) explains how prices, income, demographics, and time constraints can all influence a households purchases of items like food. He extended the classical demand theory to explain these aspects more elaborately. According to this economic model, the cost of food purchased includes the cost of consumption, cost of preparing the equivalent food in the home and also the cost of cleaning up after a meal or snack. In the context of the Beckers model, a household manager can be defined as the person primarily responsible for shopping, cooking, cleaning, and other household chores. In the study of food choices on Native Americans Galloway and Gibbs (1976) concluded that inadequate nutrition levels were the result of lack of purchasing power rather than the lack of nutrition knowledge. Similarly, DeWalt and Pelto (1976) conducted a study on food rating with factor analysis- as the basis for analytical construct. In the context of this study, the respondents in a Mexican village were asked to rate food according to taste, healthfulness, and economic value, and found that people had accurate notions of nutrition. Also, this study found that people chose food mainly on budgetary considerations. The factors related to food choice in this study were identified through factor analysis from sets of food choices provided by respondents. In similar line of thought Schuftan (1979) stated that the real problem in malnutrition is lack of food-purchasing power from the buyers and hence, he suggested that the nutrition programs should address malnutrition in economic rather t han nutritional terms; that is, they should measure deficits in the purchasing power of the households and give priority to nutrition programs that generate income, new employment opportunities in food production, and food-related services. The impact of specific economic and demographic characteristics of a household, in its demand for ready-made food items are considered very important. In this context, McCracken and Brandt (1987) analyzed the relationship between some key household characteristics and expenditure at different categories of restaurant. The empirical analyses of their study have shown the influencing pattern of economic and demographic characteristics of households in their demand for restaurant made food items. Also, they stated that an inverse relationship could be observed between the number of people in the household and its requirement for food prepared outside home. The significant finding indicated in the above study observes decrease in the expenditure of large households for food items prepared outside home. This is understandable for the simple reason that cost of cooking in terms of fuel expense is less, if food is prepared for more number of people. Based on the household survey data from t he year 1970s and 1980s, Nayga and Capps (1994) studied the relationship between a households characteristics and its frequency of dinning at each category of food selling enterprises. Hiemstra and Kirn (1995) analyzed the impact of household characteristics on expenditure by eating occasion and market segment. A specific household may demand more restaurant made food items if both husband and wife work outside. In such situations food prepared outside home will form a convenient meal option if the sellers are reasonably accessible. Two studies conducted by Popkinn and Solon (1976) and Popkin (1980) identified deficiencies in the food intake of children who have their mothers with employment. Further, these studies confirmed no such deficiencies in the food intake of the children who have their mothers without employment. According to Byrene et al., (1998) the spending for fast food is increasing along with the number of hours, the household manager works in the labour force. In this context, Rajmohan and Panchanatham (2002) reported that the female employment in IT jobs makes women to struggle a lot in terms of fulfilling the domestic responsibilities like preparing food items at home. This practically means that more office responsibilities for women will cause increased demand for ready- made food items in the market. Influence of Socio-economic factors The booming Indian economy (Lenartowicz and Balasubramanian, 2009) and the huge Indian consumer market (Enderwick, 2009) is encouraging many researchers to study the various socio-cultural dimensions influencing the Indian consumers behaviour (Kopalle et al., 2010). Another stream of study that is luring leading researchers (Craig et al., 2009; Yaprak, 2008) is the influence of forces of globalization on the changing consumer culture of a society. Such influence, according to Ger and Belk (1996), would be more intensive on the consumers in the developing economies of the world, India being one of them. In fact, Durvasula and Lysonski (2008) and Mathur et al. (2008) have empirically shown how forces of globalization are bringing in changes in the culture of Indian consumers. One such culture based dimension of consumer behaviour is materialism. The current work studies materialism, a construct defined by Belk (1984) and Richins (1987) giving importance/being attached to worldly possessions, and its influence on consumer culture, which encompasses the prevalent cultural influence among consumers, in the Indian context. Extant research suggests that globalization is rapidly influencing consumer culture in India with people showing increasing predisposition towards foreign brands (PTFB), a construct defined by Bandyopadhyay (2001), Batra et al. (2000) and Kinra (2006) as admiration of foreign brands and intention to purchase them vis- a`-vis home countrys brands. Such cultural influences are also likely to impact Indian consumers purchase behaviour, e.g. credit card usage (Chibber, 2010), impulse purchases (Datamonitor Report, 2010) and consideration of shopping as an enjoyable behaviour (Ghosh et al., 2010). Although marketing scholars (Cleveland et al, 2009; Richins and Dawson, 1992) have already established the impact of ma terialism on these important consumption traits, studying the same in the Indian context would provide interesting insights for both scholars and practitioners alike. The paper thus makes an effort to study extent of materialistic values (MV) amongst Indian consumers; differences in such values based on demographics; whether such values impact various buying behaviour traits of Indian consumers and are itself being impacted by the onslaught of forces of globalization. Materialism among Indian consumers has been studied by Chaudhuri and Haldar (2005) and Cleveland et al. (2009). These studies brought forth the relationship that materialism has with cultural adherence and regional differences with-in India (Chaudhuri and Haldar, 2005) and materialisms impact on various purchase behaviour like purchasing frequency of luxury products, etc. (Cleveland et al., 2009). Though Cleveland et al. (2009) also attempted to study the relationship between materialism and various demographic variables like age, income, gender and educational qualification for the Indian sample; they could not get significant results on any of the relationships. Both Cleveland et al. (2009) and Chaudhuri and Haldar (2005) used student samples in their study, which could limit the generalization of their findings. Further, neither of these studies attempted to operationalize globalization as an antecedent impacting the MV of Indian consumers. These studies also did not empirically s tudy the impact of other demographic factors (besides age) like income, educational qualification and gender on the MV of Indian consumers. The present study addresses these existing gaps in the extant literature. Pettys and Balagopal (1998) are of the view that since individual attachment in India is seen as temporary and as an illusion, Indians are very non-materialistic. They also believe that an inherent risk of westernization is that the Indian consumers might become more materialistic. On the other hand, Venkatesh (1995) states that Indians are not averse to materialism because in Indian culture spiritualism and materialism are not considered opposites, instead they belong to the same realm of experience and hence there is no confrontation of beliefs if both are adopted together. Still, compared to other developed nations like USA and New Zealand, Indians are relatively less materialistic (Ger and Belk, 1996). This might be due to conservatism preached by the Indian culture. The results of Chaudhuri and Haldars (2005), empirical study on Indian respondents showed that there is a significant negative correlation between the degree of materialism and the intensity of cultural adherence. In other words the more a person moves away from the Indian culture, the more are the chances that materialism will manifest itself in him. Influence of Global flows Globalization is leading to various types of global flows across the world. According to Appadurai (1990), there are five types of global flows mediascapes (flows of image and communication), ethnoscapes (flows of tourists, migrants and foreign Students), ideoscapes (flows of political ideas and ideologies), technoscapes (flows of technology and know-how) and finanscapes (flows of capital and money). Considering the influence of these global flows, Craig et al. (2009) observe that in todays world, cultural products and lifestyles from the developed world are spreading across developing countries. This is the result of contact through traditional media such as TV and films, as well as through new media such as the internet, electronic social networking, blogs, etc. (Craig et al., 2009). This phenomenon, according to Craig et al. (2009), is changing the cultural fabric and patterns of a society as products, icons, lifestyles and rituals of one culture are being adopted by another (Craig and Douglas, 2006). Further, its pervasive influence on consumer behaviour is affecting consumer tastes, preferences and purchase behaviour (Douglas and Craig, 1997). Venkatesh and Swamy (1994) state that Indian consumers, even if they have not travelled abroad, are still being influenced by the consumerism (or consumer culture) brought by foreign influence through media and products (foreign brands). Ger and Belk (1996) state that the reason for this is that with the coming of globalization and westernization, developing countries consumers emulate the lifestyles and consumption patterns of more economically developed nations. Many studies (Batra et al., 2000; Kinra, 2006; Maxwell, 2001) have shown that Indian consumers have a very high PTFB. According to Eckhardt and Mahi (2004), th ese foreign brands are also bringing foreign cultural influence with them in the Indian market place. Since 1991, India has witnessed a dramatic increase of multinational corporation activity, giving rise to tremendous economic development of the country (Emde, 1999). From provision of services to manufacturing, multinational corporations (MNCs) play a big role in almost all the economic sectors in India. Consequently, their business operations impact the physical environment of the country on a large scale. In the post-industrialized era, MNCs in the developing world are changing their environmental management in the context of various internal and external drivers. These changes often lead to an introduction of new strategies, systems, and practices across the environmental management of MNCs (Moser, 2001). Despite significant environmental policies introduced in India, such as the Water Act (1974), Air Act (1981), and Environmental Protection Act (1986), its environmental quality has continued to deteriorate (Reich Bowonder, 1992). Indias Industrial Policy of July 1991 radically pushed for an open economy by globalization, liberalization, and privatization. The policy opened up Indias economy to foreign direct investment by providing facilities to foreign companies to invest in different fields of economic activity (Goyal, 2006). The economic policy reforms of India removed constraints for entry of MNCs into India, allowed Indian companies to form joint ventures with the foreign companies, and encouraged a free inter-country transfer of technology and labor (Goyal, 2006).   An open economy, large manpower, and a weak environmental regulatory framework reduced the cost of doing business in India as compared to other developing countries such as Brazil, Mexico, China, and Indonesia (Jain et.al, 2006). Therefore, these factors made India a preferred destination of MNC activity from developed countries. Framework for examining the environmental management of MNCs The project draws from the framework within organization theory and specifically on Andrew Pettigrews famous work on the management of strategic change (Pettigrew, 1987).   His framework has been widely adapted to study how changes in the management of environmental and social issues by MNCs operating in less developed countries can lead to sustainable development (Moser, 2001). Pettigrew offers a framework -consisting of three dimensions: context, content and process. He suggests that organizational change process and decision-making can be understood in terms of these three inter-linked dimensions. The context of change is concerned with how an MNCs internal context and aspects of external environment promote or inhibit the change process.   Internal context refers to characteristics of the MNCs internal organization: its structure, culture, and politics, and how these have shaped/continue to shape its environmental management (Moser, 2001). The external context can be sub-divi ded into formal and informal components.   The formal or institutional component of context consists of factors such as headquarter policies, host countrys (India in this case) regulatory framework, investor pressure, standard industry codes of conduct, international regulations, international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and media comment. The informal or socio-political component consists of factors such as brand image, risk management, competition, eco-efficiency (cost effectiveness with reduced environmental impact), and pressure from local or domestic NGOs, public, and local communities. The content dimension of the framework refers to the economic, social and environmental impacts (both positive and negative) of current MNC practices and operations. The process dimension refers to how change within an MNC is effected over time.   The adoption of environmental management changes can also be understood in terms of the interrelated dimensions of context, content, and process. This research focuses on the content and context dimensions as they apply to the case study. In the context dimension, only the external aspects containing formal and informal institutions are studied.   These external aspects play the role of drivers that change the environmental management of MNCs. The content dimension is studied to direct the second research question about the implementation of new environmental strategies, systems, and practices to incorporate the changes driven or impeded by the contextual factors listed above. Chapter 3 An overview of culture in Indian food industry Due to the cultural and personal attitudes  of Indian consumers about food and the perceived importance of fresh food, processed food is a  new concept to this population, and thus should be viewed as a  new product and an innovation. Countless  new products are introduced on world markets only to fail and to be taken off the market within a few months. Usually, the failure  of a  new product is accompanied by substantial financial losses to manufacturers, middlemen, and retailers. Market researchers, therefore, need to examine carefully the relationship between  product and marketing innovation, and other important variables that make the introduction  of a  product successful  in new markets. Food diversity is an implicit characteristic of  Indias diversified culture consisting of different regions and states within. Indians like to have home-cooked meals a concept supported religiously as well as individually. However, with times due to increasing awareness and influence of western culture, there is a shift in  food  consumption patterns among many Indian families. It started with eating outside and moved on to accepting a wide variety of delicacies from world-over. Liberalization of the Indian economy in the early 1990s and the subsequent entry of new players set a significant change in lifestyles and the  food  tastes of Indians.   Fast food  is one which gained acceptance of Indian palate after the multinational  fast food  players adapted the basic Indian  food  requirements viz. vegetarian meals and selected non-vegetarian options excluding beef and pork totally from their menu. Multinational  fast food outlets initially faced protests and non-acceptance from Indian consumers. This was due to primary perception that these  fast food  players serve only non-vegetarian and do not serve vegetarian meals. In addition,  fast food  is perceived expensive besides being out-of-way meals in Indian culture. Today,  fast food industry is getting adapted to Indian  food  requirements and is growing in  India. It is gaining acceptance primarily from Indian youth and younger generations and is becoming part of life. Keeping in view the Indian habits and changing preferences towards  food  consumption, this study has its focus to understand the factors affecting the perception of Indian youth, in the age group of 20-30 years, towards consumption of  fast food  as well as towards making choice of  fast food  outlets. All the popular fast food chains  have chalked out massive plans for  expanding their  business and presence throughout the  country. Moreover, foreign fast-food chains are aggressively increasing their presence in the country. International fast-food chains such as McDonalds, Dominos, Pizza Hut and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) are doing brisk business  in Indias ready-cooked meal fast  food segment. Chapter 4 Study of globalized food culture evolving in India: Some traditional attitudes of Indians, however, have created challenges to foreign companies that attempt to make a successful entry into the country.  Food is believed to be an effective and tangible differentiator of consumer preferences among different cultures. Indian consumers tend to be traditional  in their approach to food products, thus, unlike many countries  in the developing world, Western  food is not widely consumed  in India. The highly distinct tastes of Indian consumers are a challenge for many multinationals seeking to enter the Indian  food market. Unlike citizens of other rapidly industrializing countries, about 40 per cent of Indians are vegetarian, according to reports  in The Economist (1997). Even among Indian meat eaters, many consumers have an aversion to beef and/or pork and dislike frozen meat and fish. Despite these challenges, the US International Trade Administration (2000) estimated that the processed food market  in India was worth over US$22.2 million  in 1999. However, marketers need to develop a very high level of expertise  in tapping into this potential market since imported  food products are not widely accepted by the general Indian population. Research has demonstrated that younger Indian consumers are more open to novel  food products and are more likely to perceive imported  food as high quality as compared with locally produced  products. Direction of business globalization it has to be not only about uniformed customization of the economies of the different countries and human need, but also about sensitive and understanding approach to local and national values and principles. In practise the most mistakes are made along  this chain of management processes. The success of the foreign business is not only determined by a good quality of the products but a solid preparation, search for adequate business  partners, market knowledge, attentive acquisition of local staff and a well-founded business concept. For success of fast food  restaurant the store image is  very important. Firstly, they are functional qualities of a store (assortment, store layout, location, price-value relation). Secondly, psychological attributes refer to the consumers perception of the store attributes, such as  friendliness, helpfulness of store personnel or attractiveness of decor. For kids market segment and market segment of young people students the emotional material as a part of store image is of great importance. Shoppers differentiate one store from another by the images of each project. The simplest approach to such image projection is likely to be based solely on  price-quality relation. After the liberalization policy that came in force in 1991, fast food industry grown in India as multinational fast food providers have set up their business either jointly with Indian partners or independently. From next chapters we will discuss about the companies environmental management and the cultural change. And we will see how companies adapt to these situations. Chapter 5 PepsiCo In this research we will discuss about the change in environmental manageme

The Body Ritual of the Nacirema Essay -- Horace Miner Egocentrism Essa

The Body Ritual of the Nacirema It is human nature to describe one's own culture as the most advanced and most intellectual. Unfortunately, it is also common practice to look down upon the practices of another culture because they are not similar to one's own traditions. The ability to do this can sometimes be a damaging characteristic for society as a whole. Horace Miner realized the implications of egocentric views and wrote a groundbreaking essay to open society's eyes to their biases. 'The Body Ritual of the Nacirema' was written by Horace Miner for shock value. The article describes the rituals of a people which on the surface seem to be barbaric and highly out of date for that time at which the article was written. Some of the rituals described were women voluntarily baking their heads in ovens and visits to a 'holy-mouth man', which were extremely painful and costly, in order to gain social acceptance from their peers. Another unheard of tradition described in this essay was that of the sick people going to a temple where they had to give very large gi...

“Cousin Kate” by Christina Rossetti Essay

The Four texts that will be witnessed throughout the essay are : Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti, Porphyria’s lover by Robert Browning, To his Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvel and Romeo Juliet by William Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet is about two lovers – who adore each other so much, similarily Porphyria’s lover is about a man who loves Porphria so much, which leads on to him killing her. Then, To his Coy Mistress was when the narrator slept with the lady and had sex, similarily Cousin Kate was similar as the narrator had sex with one person then betrayed her for someone else for the money. In Act 1 Scene 1 of Romeo and Julliet. Romeo looks to be very (Obsessed) with Rosaline. Rosaline is the girl that Romeo fell in love with very deeply. Montague describes how deeply and Distraught Romeo is feeling to the fact that Rosaline does not love Romeo back. He doesn’t want to show his family and friends what is happening but he keeps on sobbing. a poem about a young girl who ge Also In Act 1 Scene 1 Teenage Love is shown between Romeo and Rosaline. He expresses a very deep action in the depth of love like a Teenager. Romeo, we find out, has been moping around in a â€Å"grove of sycamore,† which, by the way, is Shakespeare’s way of hinting that Romeo is love sick or â€Å"sick amour†. This shows a lovesick teenager. Romeo wanders in and willingly tells Benvolio that he’s in love with a girl who doesn’t love him back. He is embarrassed and scared to tell just like a teenager. Furthermore, In Act 1 Scene 5 – Romeo changes dramatically, when he meets Juliet and his love with Rosaline had all vanished. He says that he has never seen a ‘True Beauty’ till this night – like Juliet. This shows that he was not in love with Rosaline and tells that he is a very unloyal love with people. Juliet had sparked Romeo’s eye very deeply and had attached on Romeo’s heart. Although, the infatuation in Act1 Scene1 was very deep into the love with Rosaline. This shows the love of young teenager who doesn’t know what a true love is and can get easily captured by a lot of love relationships. This in teenagers perspective is very true and a very common thing that happens in teenage love. Romeo is a very fickle teenager when it comes to Love. Romeo is a very fickle character because one he is love with one person which was Rosaline then changes his love to Juliet. The quote that shows is ‘I’ve never seen a true beauty till this night’. This shows how a different person he can get in matter of time. This also links with his teenage love attitude. Moreover, In act1 Scene 5 – Romeo and Juliet when they first meet is very strong and eye catchyFrom across the room, Romeo sees Juliet, and asks a servingman who she is. The servingman does not know. Romeo is transfixed; Rosaline vanishes from his mind and he declares that he has never been in love until this moment. Moving through the crowd, Tybalt hears and recognizes Romeo’s voice Then Romeo touches Juliet’s hand.

Italianate Homes, Romantic and Picturesque

Italianate Homes, Romantic and Picturesque Of all the homes built in the United States during the Victorian era, the romantic Italianate style became the most popular for a short period of time. With their nearly-flat roofs, wide eaves, and massive brackets, these homes suggested the romantic villas of Renaissance Italy. The Italianate style is also known as Tuscan, Lombard, or bracketed. Italianate and the Picturesque Movement The historical roots of Italianate styles are in Italian Renaissance architecture. Some of the first Italian villas were designed by Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in the 16th century. Palladio reinvented Classical architecture, melding the designs of a Roman temple into residential architecture. By the 19th century, English-speaking architects were reinventing Roman designs yet again, capturing the flavor of what they imagined to be the Italian villa look. The Italianate style began in England with the picturesque movement. For centuries English homes tended to be formal and classical in style. Neoclassical architecture was orderly and proportioned.  With the picturesque movement, however, the landscape gained importance. Architecture not only became integral to its surroundings, but also became a vehicle for experiencing the natural world and surrounding gardens. The pattern books of British-born landscape architect Calvert Vaux (1824-1895) and the American Andrew Jackson Downing (1815-1852) brought this concept to an American audience. Especially popular was A. J. Downings 1842 book Rural Cottages and Cottage-Villas and their Gardens and Grounds Adapted to North America. American architects and builders such as  Henry Austin (1804-1891) and Alexander Jackson Davis (1803-1892) began to design fanciful recreations of Italian Renaissance villas. Architects copied and reinterpreted the style for buildings in the United States, making Italianate architecture in the U.S. uniquely American in style. One of the finest examples of late Victorian Italianate architecture is owned by the National Park Service. The John Muir National Historic Site in Martinez, California lays claim to the 17-room John Muir Mansion, built in 1882, and inherited by the famous American naturalist. Queen Victoria ruled England for a long, long time - from 1837 until her death in 1901 - so Victorian architecture is more a time frame than a specific style. During the Victorian era, emerging styles captured a large audience by the widely-published house pattern books packed with building plans and home building advice. Prominent designers and illustrators published many plans for Italianate and Gothic Revival style homes. By the late 1860s, the fashion had swept through North America. Why Builders Loved the Italianate Style Italianate architecture knew no class boundaries. The high square towers made the style a natural choice for upscale homes of the newly rich. However the brackets and other architecture details, made affordable by new methods for machine production, were easily applied to simple cottages. Historians say that Italianate became the favored style for two reasons: (1) Italianate homes could be constructed with many different building materials, and the style could be adapted to modest budgets; and (2) new technologies of the Victorian era made it possible to quickly and affordably produce cast-iron and press-metal decorations. Many 19th century commercial buildings, including urban rooming houses, were constructed with this practical yet elegant design. Italianate remained the preferred house style in the U.S. until the 1870s, when the Civil War curbed the progress of construction. Italianate was also a common style for modest structures like barns and for larger public buildings such as town halls, libraries, and train stations. You will find Italianate buildings in nearly every part of the United States except for the deep South. There are fewer Italianate buildings in the southern states because the style reached its peak during the Civil War, a time when the south was economically devastated. Italianate was an early form of Victorian architecture. After the 1870s, architectural fashion turned toward late Victorian styles such as Queen Anne. Italianate Features Italianate homes can be wood-sided or brick, with commercial and public properties often being masonry. The most common Italianate styles will often have many of these characteristics: a low-pitched or flat roof; a balanced, symmetrical rectangular shape; a tall appearance, with two, three, or four stories; wide, overhanging eaves with large brackets and cornices; a square cupola; a porch topped with balustraded balconies; tall, narrow, paired windows, often arched with hood moldings projecting above the windows; a side bay window, often two stories tall; heavily molded double doors; Roman or segmented arches above windows and doors; and rusticated quoins on masonry buildings. Italianate house styles in America can seem like a mix of characteristics from different eras, and sometimes they are. The Italian-inspired Renaissance Revival homes are more palatial but still often confused with the Victorian Italianate style. The French-inspired Second Empire, like houses in the Italianate style, often feature a high, square tower. Beaux Arts buildings are grand and elaborate, often embracing Italianate ideas along with Classical. Even Neo-Mediterranean builders of the 20th century re-visited Italianate themes. Victorian architecture encompasses a variety of popular styles, but ask yourself how picturesque each is. Examples of Italianate Houses Italiante houses can be found across the United States. often tucked away in unexpected places. The Lewis House built in 1871, is on a side road outside Ballston Spa, New York. Not named for the original owner, the Lewis family converted historic home near Saratoga Springs into a Bed Breakfast business. Italianate Lewis House, 1871, Ballston Spa, New York. Jackie Craven In Bloomington, Illinois you can visit Clover Lawn, built in 1872. Also known as the David Davis Mansion, the architecture combines Italianate and Second Empire stylings. David Davis Mansion, 1872, Illinois. Teemu08 via Wikimedia Commons, own work, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-SA 3.0) cropped The Andrew Low House in Savannah, Georgia was built in 1849. This historic house by New York architect John Norris has been described as Italianate, most notably because of its urban garden landscaping. To get the full sense of Italiante details, especially the roof, the observer must step back both physically and in time. Andrew Low House, 1849, Savannah, Georgia. Carol M. Highsmith/Getty Images (cropped) Sources Italianate Architecture and History, Old-House Journal, August 10, 2011, https://www.oldhouseonline.com/articles/all-about-italianates [accessed August 28, 2017]Italianate Villa/Italianate Style 1840 - 1885, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/architecture/styles/italianate.html  [accessed August 28, 2017]A Field Guide to American Houses by Virginia and Lee McAlester, Knopf, 1984, 2013American Shelter: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home by Lester Walker, Overlook, 1998American House Styles: A Concise Guide by John Milnes Baker, AIA, Norton, 2002Photo Credits: Clover Lawn, Teemu08 via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) cropped; Andrew Low House, Carol M. Highsmith/Getty Images (cropped); Lewis House, Jackie CravenCOPYRIGHT: The articles you see on the pages of this website are copyrighted. You may link to them or print them for your own use, but do not copy them into a blog, web page, or print publication without permission.

The Catcher in the Rye - the Importance of the Title

The Catcher in the Rye - the Importance of the Title The Catcher in the Rye  is a 1951 novel by American author  J. D. Salinger. Despite some controversial themes and language, the novel and its protagonist  Holden Caulfield  have become favorites among teen and young adult readers. In the decades since its publication, The Catcher in the Rye  has become one of the most popular coming of age novels.  Below, we’ll explain the meaning of the title and review some of the famous quotations and important vocabulary from the novel. The Meaning of the Title: The Catcher in the Rye The title of The Catcher in the Rye is a reference to Comin Thro the Rye,  a Robert Burns poem and a symbol for the main characters longing to preserve the innocence  of childhood.   The first reference in the text to catcher in the rye is in Chapter 16. Holden overhears: If a body catch a body coming through the rye. Holden describes the scene (and the singer): The kid was swell. He was walking in the street, instead of on the sidewalk, but right next to the curb. He was making out like he was walking a very straight line, the way kids do, and the whole time he kept singing and humming. The episode makes him feel less depressed. But why? Is it his realization that the child is innocent- somehow pure, not phony like his parents and other adults? Then, in Chapter 22, Holden tells Phoebe: Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobodys around- nobody big, I mean- except me. And Im standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff- I mean if theyre running and they dont look where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. Thats all I do all day. Id just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know its crazy, but thats the only thing Id really like to be. I know its crazy. Holdens interpretation of the poem centers around the loss of innocence (adults and society corrupt and ruin children), and his instinctual desire to protect children (his sister in particular). Holden sees himself as the catcher in the rye. Throughout the novel, hes confronted with the realities of growing up- of violence, sexuality, and corruption (or phoniness), and he doesnt want any part of it. Holden is (in some ways) incredibly naive and innocent about worldly realities. He doesnt want to accept the world as it is, but he also feels powerless, unable to effect change. The growing-up process is almost like a runaway train, moving so fast and furiously in a direction thats beyond his control (or, even, really his comprehension). He cant do anything to stop or stall it, and he realizes that his wish to save the children is crazy- perhaps even unrealistic and impossible. Through the course of the novel, Holden is forced to come to terms with the reality of growing up- something that he struggles to accept. The Catcher in the Rye: Key Quotes What I was really hanging around for, I was trying to feel some kind of a goodbye. I mean Ive left schools and places I didnt even know I was leaving them. I hate that. I dont care if its a sad goodbye or a bad goodbye, but when I leave a place I like to know Im leaving it. If you dont, you feel even worse.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 1I dont even know what I was running for- I guess I just felt like it.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 1It was that kind of a crazy afternoon, terrifically cold, and no sun out or anything, and you felt like you were disappearing every time you crossed a road.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 1People always think somethings all true.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 2People never notice anything.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 2Im the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. Its awful. If Im on my way to the store to buy a magazine, even, and somebody asks me where Im goi ng, Im liable to say Im going to the opera. Its terrible.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 3 When I really worry about something, I dont just fool around. I even have to go to the bathroom when I worry about something. Only, I dont go. Im too worried to go. I dont want to interrupt my worrying to go.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 6All morons hate it when you call them a moron.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 6In my mind, Im probably the biggest sex maniac you ever saw.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 9Its really too bad that so much crumby stuff is a lot of fun sometimes.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 9There isnt any night club in the world you can sit in for a long time unless you can at least buy some liquor and get drunk. Or unless youre with some girl that really knocks you out.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 13Goddam money. It always ends up making you blue as hell.- J.D. Salinger,  The Catcher in the Rye, Ch. 15 The Catcher in the Rye: Vocabulary Holden speaks to the reader in the first person, using the common slang of the fifties, which gives the book a more authentic feel. Much of the language Holden uses is considered crass or vulgar but it fits the personality of the character. However, some of the terms and phrases Holden uses are not commonly used today. Understanding the words Holden uses will give you a greater understanding of the prose. Chapters 1-5 grippe:  influenza chiffonier:  a bureau with a mirror attached falsetto:  an unnaturally high-pitched voice hounds-tooth:  a pattern of jagged checks, usually black-and-white, on fabric halitosis:  chronic bad breath phony:  a fake or insincere person   Chapters 6-10 Canasta:  a variation on the card game gin rummy incognito:  in the act of concealing ones identity jitterbug:  a very active dance style popular in the 1940s Chapters 11-15 galoshes:  waterproof boots nonchalant:  unconcerned, casual, indifferent rubberneck:  to look at or stare, to gawk, especially at something unpleasant bourgeois:  middle-class, conventional Chapters 16-20 blasà ©:  indifferent or bored, unimpressed conceited:  having a high opinion of oneself, arrogant louse:  a contemptible person; it is also the singular term for lice Chapters 21-26 digression:  a deviation from a central theme in speaking or writing cockeyed:  askew, cross-eyed pharaoh:  ancient Egyptian king bawl:  to cry

Sample size calculation Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sample size calculation - Math Problem Example Sampling is important in that we involve fewer respondents than using the entire population, the sample saves time and money and an appropriate sample will represent the population in that the results derived from the sample will explain the population with less error. A large sample will waste time and money while a small sample will give inaccurate results. In any given study if we were to determine the mean of the population and the mean of the sample there means are not the same, the difference between the two is termed as an error, therefore when determining the sample size we need to consider the expected error that will result to these differences. The other factor to consider is the margin of this error, this represents the maximum possible difference between the sample mean and the population mean. We consider also consider the standard deviation of the population, the reason why we consider the standard deviation is because we assume that the population assumes a normal distribution which is depicted by the central limit theorem that states that as the number of variables increase indefinitely then the variables assumes a normal distribution. For a clustered study there is need to consider the sampling design when calculating the sample size, we consider the number of clusters after calculating the sample size, after determining the sample size as shown above we multiply the results by the number of clusters, the results of this are then mu... n = [(1.96/2 . 6.9) /(0.4)] 2 n = 285.779 In this case therefore we will use a sample size n =286 derived from rounding off the figure into the nearest whole number. Cluster sampling: For a clustered study there is need to consider the sampling design when calculating the sample size, we consider the number of clusters after calculating the sample size, after determining the sample size as shown above we multiply the results by the number of clusters, the results of this are then multiplied by the an expected non response or error, example use 5%. After multiplying we then divide the results by the number of clusters to determine the number of n in each cluster. Example assumes that we have 10 clusters and we assume the level of error is 5% from our above results; the following will be the results: 285.779 X 10 = 2857.79 2857.79 X 1.05 = 3000.68 We will consider a 3,000 sample size and for each cluster we will have n = 300 Formula 2: The other formula that can be used is where we have the prevalence of the variable being studies, in this case for example we have a prevalence rate of 40% of a disease and we use the following formula: n = [Z2. x (1-x)]/ E2 Where Z is the confidence interval where if we choose 95% the area under the normal curve will be 1.96 E is the expected margin error and x is the expected prevalence of the variable being studied. Formula 3: Cochran (1963) formulated a formula that could be used in the calculation of the sample size in a study, the formula is as follows: n = (Z2 PQ)/ e2 Where n is the sample size, Z is the confidence interval, P is the estimated proportion of the attribute under study, q is derived from 1 - p and finally e is the precision level. He further stated that the above sample would further be

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 178

Assignment Example 2. Monopolistic competition is a term used to refer to that state of a market in which there are several buyers of a product or services, but the number of sellers of that product or service is low and these suppliers differentiate their goods and services on the basis of differentiation technique (Hall 321). In a monopoly there is only one supplier, while in monopolistic competition there is more than one seller. In monopoly there is no competition taking place, but in monopolistic competition firms compete against each other. The barriers to entry in monopolistic competition are lower than that of a monopoly. 3. Firms that operate in under the state of monopolistic competition experience both productive as well as allocative inefficiency. They experience productive inefficiency because they produce at a level that is lower than the level of MR (Marginal Revenue) is equal to MC (Marginal Cost) (Hall 324). This means that they experience productive inefficiency because they produce less than the amount of goods and services demanded in order to increase their profitability. They experience allocative inefficiency because they have more capacity to produce goods and services and they are involved in the process of producing lesser goods and services as compared to their capacity. 4. Firms that fall in the category of either monopolistic competition or firms that are even recognized to be operating in a state of imperfect competition are involved in producing lesser goods and services than the amount of goods and services they can actually produce and this situation has been regarded by economists as excess capacity (Hall 325). In monopolistic competition, organizations compete on the basis of differentiation and target specific consumers while firms in this form of competition produce similar kinds of goods and services. In order to target a few and charge premium prices they produce less than what the overall